The Ethics of Photos Major Principles of Ethics

Question: Describe about The Ethics of Photos for Major Principles of Ethics. Answer: Introduction Ethics are the major principles that reflect the values as well as norms of a society. In other words, ethics are simply the guidelines for its members for treating each other as per the accepted ideals with a fair approach (Djajadikerta Trireksani, 2013). The ethical consequences tend to be formed by the nature of service, profit, ownership, representation as well as creativity in the practice of photography (Keyzer et al., 2013). The ethical issues are often confused by the new technological application as well as exacerbated by the political ideology or cultural preferences and the individual ambition and personality. Therefore, this study aims to identify the ethical consequences associated with the digital photography (Scarles, 2013). There are numerous ethical issues in relation to the photography those must be considered in order to evaluate the resolution to address the consequences. The issues that will be the outcome of the evaluation should be taken seriously and mitigate d as soon as possible. This contemporary digital era has permitted people in order to gain as well as obtain the access to the digital photographs that belong to others. Online games, Mobile Technology, Social Media, Public Forums as well as the numerous other communications have provide allowance to people for utilizing images in various ways. ICT allows people for manipulating as well as changing the nature of few images by providing them a distinct purpose and a distinct meaning as well. Therefore, an ethical concern or consequences can be formed in this scenario. (Langmann Pick, 2014) The most effective victims of such unethical circumstances are the children and mostly the women. Therefore, crucial security issues are encountered those arise from the usage of the photos in the online environments such as the social media like Facebook and many others (Allen, 2012). Therefore, this study highlights all the crucial ethical issues of digital photography such as the ethical concerns of the intangible and intellectual property, images on social media, identity theft, access to the images, ownership and camera access using mobile devices, deception and manipulation using images and other ethical concerns. Discussion and Analysis The use of photographs in Digital world The digital photography is the form of photography that utilizes the cameras containing electronic photodetector arrays for capturing images focused by the lens as reversed to exposure on the photographic film (Van der Rijt Hoffman, 2014). The captured photographs are stored as well as digitalized as a computer file ready for the further digital printing, publishing, viewing as well as digital processing (Palacios-Gonzlez, 2015). Photography in the digital world is one of the various forms of digital imaging. The images that are available electronically can be uploaded to the websites or the social networking sites by the user. The user takes a photo with the help of digital camera or the present pictures can be scanned and then uploads the pictures to the internet. There could be various forms of pictures that can be transmitted or shared in the digital world. The Digital photographs are also made by the non-photographic equipment like the radio telescopes and computer tomography s canners. The photographs have huge utilities in the digital world (Quinn Manning, 2013). The uses of the digital photographs in the digital can be specified with the help of the benefits of the digital photography. The major advantage of the digital photography is that it is more cost effective than the film photography. On the other hand, digital photography helps in showing the instant previews. Apart from that, the digital photographs are very easy for sharing (Djajadikerta Trireksani, 2013). People can upload the digital photos to the websites, email those photos to their friends as well as store them on the CDs. apart from being easily stored and shared the technology for storing the photos are also cheaper and are more resilient to corruption. The technology hence has caught the fancy of the people. Most interesting fact regarding the photography in the digital world is that digital photography is more environment-friendly than the film photography. The digital photographs also take lesser space compared to the analog pictures and hence are more compact and user-friendly. The digital photos that have been taken can be easily modified and made more presentable compared to the film photogr aphy and hence has become more popular. Apart from being easier to implement and modify the photos are technology is also easier to use, more user-friendly and is also cheaper compared to the analog counterpart. There are several field where the digital photography plays an effective role (Keyzer et al., 2013). Digital photography is very significant in order to sell a particular product, in order to make insurance as well as an accident claim. Digital photographs are very effective in the clinical and medical world. Digital photographs are also very important for the driving license, passports and many other identity proofs (Scarles, 2013). Digital photos are also playing a very important role in the educational uses as well. Malicious use of the pictures The misuse or the malicious use of the digital photographs has become a crucial issue for people. The digital photographs are very significant in the digital world. However, along with this fact, it has also been seen that the digital photographs are being misused by people against which, an immediate action must be taken as soon as possible (Langmann Pick, 2014). The malicious use of the digital photos is simply a significant crime. Women as well as the teenagers are the general victims of such crime (Allen, 2012). The malicious uses of images have been rampant in schools and various offices around the world and draw criticism from everyone. Hence the practice which is not at all ethical should be discouraged and the users should be made more aware about the malice involving the digital image sharing over internet. On the other hand, in this digital age, the online platform or the social media are the most general platform through which such malicious use of the pictures are perfor med by the criminals (Van der Rijt Hoffman, 2014). Facebook is such an online platform over which such crime of misusing photographs is taken place. In this contemporary digital world, peoples lives have been dominated by the smart-phones that have changed the way people interact and most importantly the way people conduct, commence and end friendships and relationships (Palacios-Gonzlez, 2015). Hacking is such a criminal process through which the digital photos are misused the most. Image theft from the Facebook account of a user or the other social website is also a crucial misuse of image. The images stolen from the social media websites can be misused by applying those images in the pornography videos (Quinn Manning, 2013). In case of the business world, politics and other fields, the malicious use of photographs of the political leaders and business leaders can damage the impression of a political leader or party or harm the reputation or the revenue of a business organization (Djajadikerta Trireksani, 2013). In other words, the malicious use of the photographs can ruin all the aspects of personal and professional lives. Legal issues involved in malicious use of pictures As discussed earlier, the malicious use or the misuse of the photographs in this digital is the most vulnerable activity with the photographs. These malicious uses or the misuses of the digital photographs are completely unethical activity as per the legal aspect (Keyzer et al., 2013). Thus, there are several legal or the ethical issues incorporated with the malicious usage of the pictures in this digital world. Among the legal issues of the misuse of the pictures, security concern is the most important and significant legal concern of this matter (Quinn Manning, 2013). The malicious use of the digital pictures over the online platforms such as the Social Media like Facebook, Twitter and other online sources can mostly hamper the security or the privacy aspects of the victims account (Scarles, 2013). On the other hand, stealing images in the organizations can hamper the ethical aspects of the organizations. Due to the misuse of the pictures in the organizations made by the hackers o r the other illegal accesses, it would result in the loss of the employees (Langmann Pick, 2014). Apart from that, the misuse of the digital photographs in making the pornographic videos is completely illegal while the photos are literally stolen from peoples social media account without their concerns (Allen, 2012). On the other hand, it is also the fact that the pornography is not legal in most of the countries in all over the world. Apart from that, the legal issues of the malicious use of the photographs can create a negative impact on the professional as well as the personal lives of people (Palacios-Gonzlez, 2015). This illegal access of the photographs can ruin the political, educational as well as business activities due to which the general people are most affected. Ethical issues involved with the use of the digital pictures There are several ethical issues associated with the digital images, like the manipulation of the images, image theft, plagiarism of the photo, etc. In the digital era of photography photos are captured in every second and shared worldwide between wide ranges of individuals (Barbovschi,Green Vandoninck, 2013). The introduction of digital images has also introduced various tools for the manipulation of the image, using which the image can be altered. This turned into an ethical issue and the tool can be used to manipulate and influence people. The digital images should be used for the display of the reality but tampering the image is acceptable to certain limits and exceeding the limit can change the originality of the image leading it to an ethical issue (Greensmith Green, 2015). The digital images can be stolen and sold over the internet without the permission of the owner. The stolen image can be misused and manipulated to destroy the personality of a person or expose negatively t o the society. Plagiarism of the photo is another ethical issue associated with the digital image; it is the situation when someone borrows the idea of another photographer and uses it for his image (Hannay Baatard, 2011). It is a most common case in the recent times where the photographer steals the idea and tries to perform better and often succeed in doing so. In the fashion industry most of the images on the cover pages of the magazine are altered digitally. But sometimes they are altered drastically making the model looking completely different from the real life (ORourke, 2011). Thus are ethical issues regarding the digital photography, the images should be altered or retouched that is acceptable to the society but going beyond the limits makes it an ethical issue. Use of pictures of children Most of the people having children at their home posts images of their children or the persons at the schools posts pictures of the students on different social media sites. These pictures can adversely cause embarrassment for someone (Students) in short term or long term (Livingstone, 2014). The reason behind this is, anyone can edit and misuse the uploaded photos on the social media. In addition to this the use of photo tagging feature which is used to identify people present in the picture can also cause breach in the privacy of an individual (Staksrud, lafsson Livingstone, 2013). Therefore, it is important for the individuals and school authorities to protect their children and students from the adverse effects as a result of publishing their picture. To do this the parents can upload pictures that focus on the group activities. In addition to this parents also consider controlling the availability of the pictures to different group of audiences. Students must not take, use, sha re and publish images of other students (Staksrud, lafsson Livingstone, 2013). Therefore, while posting or sharing the pictures of the children then, two things must be taken care of. The amount of information the photo or the picture providing, the consent of the children. This is mostly about the information that a child wants to or ignores to see it online. Difference between the use of pictures in websites and social media Today different site and social media platforms are mainly populated with digital images to convey information, messages, and to assist people to understand reality. The images are also used to change the existing mindset of the people. The pictures used all around the world for publicizing, advertising and giving momentum to organizations around the world. In early periods the images are manipulated with the chemicals which were detectable. But today when the pictures are manipulated and are posted on an informative website then it can mislead the viewers (Bobkowski Smith, 2013). This will consequently lead the viewers to get a wrong and manipulated concept about any incident, object or personality, which has even resulted in many cases of suicide and depression. Today the there are several digital tools are available for manipulation of the pictures. The one that is most famous among the users is the Photoshop created by Adobe. These unintended changes in the pictures can lead to visual deception. In addition to this when the images are manipulated and posted on the different social media platforms with the intention to entertain people may hurt some one's emotion (Hazell, 2011). Most adversely, if someone creates any image (Trolls) depicting a public figure doing stupid things, then it will be a reason for public unrest created by the followers of that specific personality. In addition to this if someone creates any image or picture by disrespecting the faith or religious belief of any community then, it will also become the reason of religious riots in any country (Livingstone, 2014). This happens due to the most special feature of a picture or photograph to generate an immediate emotional response either for an event (for a personality, object) or against any event. Even though the increasing awareness about the different manipulation techniques is frequently associated with loss of trust on the different news portals and websites, but it is not the correct time to say that the use of the images and photographs to convey messages must be abolished due to the manipulation of the images (Stein, 2009). Here it can be said that as the internet is considered as the major source of knowledge and information, therefore the owners of the websites or the policy makers of the websites and social media platforms must review the different images and photo posts that are uploaded by different users (Hazell, 2011). This will help in maintaining the faith of people which are challenged by the possibilities of different seamless manipulation techniques. The ownership of the images posted on Social Networking sites The images that are posted on the social networking sites are the property of the owner, and the copyright should belong to the creator. The owner of the image have the right to copy, use or distribute the image but when the image is posted on the social networking site the site gets a license to use the image for their commercial activity and can share the image with other individuals also (Hannay Baatard, 2011). For example, Twitter or Facebook can use the uploaded image of a person for their commercial gains which can be done by obtaining likes and shares of the images. The photos that are posted on the site can be easily downloaded from the websites, and as has been mentioned in the previous section the images can be used for a variety of malicious practices that can create a problem for the person. The Twitpic service of Twitter is riskier than Facebook; it can access the deleted photos of the users. This means that they can use the image even after the termination of the license (ORourke, 2011). Twitter can also give access permission to different users and gain profit from the image without paying the user the profit percentage. Thus the social media users must be aware of the terms and conditions of the site before posting the photo to their websites. The problem regarding the ownership of the image can be an ethical issue for the social networking media (Green, 2013). The issue should be mitigated such that the users feel free to post their images, and the sharing of the license should be limited to the social networking site, and it should not be redistributed to the other users (Cook, 2010). There is a risk associated with the other users of the social networking that they can misuse the images for performing illegal activities. The security issues related to photos used on Social Networking Sites (SNS) There are various security concerns and little advantages associated with the sharing of the photos over the internet. The sharing of the pictures could be in any website or the SNS, which makes the pictures available to the digital environment (Cook Kumar and Unmar-Satiah 2015). The major security concerns are identity theft, sexual predators, stalking, victimization, and surveillance. The lesser known advantages are fame and employment. The identity theft affects millions of internet users around the world every year. The impact of such act results in loss of countless hours and money to the whole system. The primary reason behind such act is a lack of knowledge regarding the online identity and the growing trust and comfort of people on the around the social networking sites. The lack of standardization and policing is another reason behind such malicious practices. The social networking sites generate revenue by helping in targeted advertisement (CrippsStanding and Fanning 2015). The sites shared the personal information about the user and based upon the information the companies advertise on the home page of the user profile. Since there is a lack of government oversight, user education, and industry standards, the user is not well educated about the issue that is associated with sharing of data over such websites. Hence sharing of sensitive data and photos are rampant and has led to the case involving identity t hreats. A recent algorithm patented by Google can rate the user influence of such site which will encourage the data sharing of the users. There are millions of users around the world who use SNS which include the criminal and persons with a criminal mentality. The users of such websites should understand that the photos and the data they share are available to them, and such sensitive information is prone to threats from both internal and external sources equally. The validity of Photo IDs in todays environment A photo ID card is a document used for identification of the person. The ID card contains basic information like the Photo of the person, name, and address. The main motive of using the ID cards is for face to face identification and authentication. Availability of photos at several places can be a serious threat to one's identity. Fake photo identities have always been a problem to the society, and the availability of photos over the internet make the process of faking even easier (Dhouha et al. 2014). The social networking encourages the user to share maximum information about them, which can help the friends to have a clear picture about What? When? Why? about the user. Although the social networking has helped the world to be a very compact place, the shared information can be seen by other internet users too. The sensitive information about the user can be accessed in a jiffy ((Bobkowski Smith, 2013)). Since the photo ID cards contain only necessary information about the user which can be readily accessed through the Internet, generation of ID cards have become easier. Hence it can be understood that the validity of ID cards have become big questions. Hence the governments around the world are going for multiple authenticities, which consist of both physical and the digital data (Johnston et al. 2013). The magnetically coded ID cards have become a trend in industries which has both physical and electronic data for authentication. Geocaching and Online Images Geocaching, which is similar to the game of letterboxing, can be used for many purposes such as gaming or making the package available to selective people. This technique is mainly used in the public domain for a treasure hunt. The pictures of the site and the coordinates are shared, and the treasure hunter has to go and search for the package at the indicated location. The pictures, in this case, are used as clues that could be used for guiding the hunter (Management Association ed. 2013). The photos that are used to indicate the physical location are most important part of Geocaching. It acts as the reference for the treasure hunt, and the hunters are lured by the pictures. The more convincing the pictures are the hunters are more lured towards the location (Tonge et al. 2011). The game that recently has caught the attention of people name Pokmon Go uses the same concept for hunting down the Pokmons. Geocaching has caught the attention of the criminal as they try to lure the gamers to a remote location and loot them. There had been incidents of crimes that involve shooting (Trial begins in the shooting of boy, 13, geocaching with his father The Mercury News, 2016). There are various websites that are open to the user which create a community for the players. These communities can be accessed by users from different places, and these users can upload various tasks for the fellow users making the game the perfect recipe for disaster. The criminal can use these platform s to lure the gamers into a trap and do things that have always been condemned (Valli and Hannay 2010). Hence it always suggested that the sources of such treasure hunts be always checked before leaping into it. Conclusion The credibility of every user can be guaranteed, any information in such hand should be treated as a threat. The networking site such as Instagram allows users to upload picture instantaneously thus showing the location and picture of the user, through which the general idea about the user can be grasped and used against them. As it has been aptly said that a picture is worth thousands of words and such information in wrong hand is a serious threat. In this article, the various threats that an internet user faces due to sharing of images and photos on the internet has been discussed in detail. The various aspects that have been discussed in the segment are publishing photos in the digital world its impact on the user and the consequences. In the next section, the various malicious uses of the picture have been discussed in detail for making the user more aware of the consequences that they can suffer due to sharing of images in various internet platforms. The next section contains th e impact of malicious practices on the defaulter have been presented to prevent the users of the internet from committing such crimes. Then the ethical issues of sharing the different types of the picture have been discussed, which will help in understanding the impact of sharing pictures with the community. The subsequent sections deal with the impact of sharing the picture of children and the ownership of the pictures in case of deceased users. Sharing of the picture of children can have an impact on the child as the future of the children is yet to unfold. In this scenario, the rights of the owner have been discussed. Finally, the security aspects of the pictures have been shared, which contains the issue related to sharing of pictures in SNSs, the need for a better security measure to prevent identity threats and the present genre of games that uses Geocaching to lure the user into traps. References The Mercury News. (2016). 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(2010) "The Use of Governance to Identify Cyber Threats Through Social Media," in The 1st International Cyber Resilience Conference, Perth, Western Australia: secau - Security Research Centre, Edith Cowan University, 2010, pp. 31-40. Green, L., (2013),Analysing data from innovative designs.Innovative approaches for investigating how children understand risk in new media: Dealing with methodological and ethical challenges,ECU Kids Online. Greensmith, G.,Green, L., (2015), Reporting random mass shootings: The copycat effect?. Ethical Space: the international journal of communication ethics, 12(3/4), 73-80, Suffolk, UK. Hannay, P. and G. Baatard (2011). GeoIntelligence: Data Mining Locational Social Media Content for Profiling and Information Gathering. The 2nd International Cyber Resilience Conference. C. Valli. Duxton Hotel, Perth, Western Australia, secau - Security Research Centre, Edith Cowan University: 29-37. Hazell, T. 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Mr. Potato Head free essay sample

Since the time of my childhood I have been exposed to hundreds of toys and games. However, only a few stand out in my memory and even fewer still remain in my possession today. There are many toys in America, which are known by all ages, nationalities, and social classes. Toys such as Barbie, Legos, Cabbage Patch Kids, GI Joe, and many more are well known commodities, which have been in existence since before my time. Although there are numerous toys I can remember as a child there is one toy, which stands out particularly more than others. This toy is Mr. Potato Head was most likely one of my favorite toys due to its simplicity. It was a toy, which never went out of style and therefore remained out of storage and the attic. Unlike most other toys Mr. Potato head did not have numerous series, partner toys, and additions but it did not change as the years since its creation. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. Potato Head or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When by Mr. Potato Head is arguably one of the greatest toys ever invented, which has a great deal of history behind it? I have chosen the toy Mr. Potato Head as the topic of this short paper due to its great history within the arena of American toys. It made history by being the very first toy to be advertised n television. The Mr. Potato Head you can purchase today in the store is very different from the original Mr. Potato Head released in the 1950’s. The original Mr. Potato Head contained only body features such as the nose, lips, and ears. The consumer had to supply his/her own potato’s to serve as the body, ultimate completing the Mr. Potato Head figure. The plastic body one sees in the store today did not emerge until eight years later. Since the birth of this simple Hasbro toy, Mr. Potato Head has been a success. Wikepedia online stated, â€Å"He was so loved by children, that he was expanded into additional toy categories including puzzles, creative play sets, and electronic hand-held, board and video games. The vast popularity of Mr. Potato Head also attracted non-toy companies who licensed his image and name to make apparel, accessories and novelty items. † (Wikapedia, Mr. Potato Head) Hasbro took in over 100 million in profit in the first year alone as a result of the Mr. Potato Head. As a result, Hasbro released three additions of Mr. Potato Head family members, Mrs. Potato Head, Brother spud, and Sister Yam. In 1973, the main potato part and its accessories doubled in size and dimensions due to toy child safety regulations. Although Mr. Potato Head has gone through various changes over the decades its main concept and accessories has remained the same. I have owned a Mr. Potato Head since my childhood. It was among the group of first toys I receive from my family. It has remained with me today because I refuse to give it away. If anything it will remain with me or will be passed on to my kids. I believe Mr. Potato Head and the Potato Head family has been so successful because it caters to all crowds and ages. I really enjoy the concept of a Potato versus a person. The success of this toy is an example of its simple yet brilliant concept. One can see Mr. Potato Head is loved by many not only viewing its success in terms of sales and revenue, but also in terms of Mr. Potato Head television appearances. Mr. Potato Head has appeared in numerous popular shows and/or movies including Toy Story and The Mr. Potato Head Show. Mr. Potato Head has not only been popular among kids and families, but also among drug traffickers. Mr. Potato Heads hallow inside and lightweight make a great trafficking device for drugs traffickers.

Project Proposal Help For Homeless Essay Sample

Project Proposal Help For Homeless Essay SampleI have been asked a number of times about my tips for getting a homeless essay sample accepted by college admissions committees. My purpose in this article is to address the challenge of writing an acceptance letter on behalf of a client or peer group for the purpose of financial aid.The project proposal is the same as that of any other scholarship application process. Your goal should be to generate interest in your project and to build a strong relationship with the admissions committee. My experience, as a consultant and counselor for high school students and college students, is that the project proposal is the most important part of any scholarship application process.All too often, students are discouraged from writing a proposal. They believe that they do not have enough experience to write a proposal. In fact, they may have already tried their hand at several aspects of scholarship writing and realize that they are very unsure of how to do it. This fear is all too common.On the other hand, many students believe that submitting a project proposal is an unnecessary expense. They feel that submitting a proposal is beyond their financial capabilities. Many will submit their project proposal regardless of its relevance and importance to their application.There is a significant difference between a grant request and a proposal. A grant request can easily be turned into a written proposal. When you apply for money from a grant request, you are submitting a piece of writing that tells a story about yourself or a group of people.That is what a proposal is for, to tell a story. If you are looking for grants, ask the grant officer how to turn it into a proposal. If you are working to get scholarships for college, ask your scholarship officer how to turn it into a proposal.Students often worry that they do not have enough time to write a proposal. Unfortunately, research has shown that many grant officers prefer propos als that are one-page or two-page in length. Asking for assistance with the proposal or for writing samples, from the scholarship office or from your potential employer, can increase your chances of success.

Light And The Glory Essays - Stamp Act, Quartering Acts,

Light And The Glory The Light and the Glory The United States Constitution has been the bedrock for the longest lasting government in all history. Why is it that our constitution still exists after more than two hundred years? Is it the incredible minds of those that framed it, or is it something else? In 1620, the Pilgrims departed from Holland and set out for America. Ten years later, they were followed by the Puritans. The Puritans and the Pilgrims experienced incredible hardships, which forced their reliance on God. There was little to eat, and shelter was no more than an uninsulated log cabin. As new generations grew up, they began to learn how to grow and harvest crops, which supplied them with plenty to eat, and comfortable lives. They did not have to depend on God for their survival. Gradually, as the people strayed further away from God, there began to be witchcraft and many people with no moral standards at all. These once godly people had forgotten how God had miraculously provided for their grandparents. By the mid 1700's, America was in desperate need of a revival. This burden was laid on a man's heart whose name was Jonathan Edwards. Jonathan Edwards, a graduate of Yale at seventeen, began and sustained a revival that changed the course of American history. Along with George Whitefield and countless other circuit riding preachers, Jonathan Edwards brought America down on her knees before God in repentance. America was indeed a new nation. It was about this time that America began to view itself as one nation, not just a handful of independent colonies. The only problem was that the Americans were not the only ones who had settled in the New World. They were bordered on the north and west by the French and on the south by the Spanish. If anyone attempted to settle on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains, chances of survival were slim because of hostile Indians and cruel French trappers. America was far from having enough manpower to take on the French all by themselves. When King George III realized that his prized possession, the American colonies, was in danger of being taken over by the French, he sent troops to push the French- American boundary line deeper into the interior of the continent. This turned into an all out war known as the French and Indian War. Although the beginning of the war favored the French, the British eventually became successful in setting the French-American boundary well past the Appalachian Mountains. Along with the ?Great Awakening,? the French and Indian War would be another turning point in American history because the colonists now realized that they were capable of building an army. The war also unveiled future heroes such as George Washington. Most of all, it brought the colonies together in unity. Relations were now beginning to change between the colonies and England. The colonists ?were beginning to regard themselves as Americans rather than Englishmen.? The colonies were now on a much higher spiritual level than England. King George again realized that his prize possession was in danger of being lost. However, this time it was the colonists themselves that were the threat. To stop the growing rebellion in America, George III appointed a new prime minister George Grenville. Grenville decided to tighten England's control of the colonial settlement past the Appalachian Mountains. This would result in the ?Proclamation of 1763? which canceled all the land grants given to the colonies in the past by other kings and parliaments. He also laid new taxes on the colonists that violated their rights because the colonists had no representatives in the English parliament. The ?Stamp Act? and the ?Quartering Act? were just a few of the burdens that Grenville laid on the colonists. William Pitt and Edmund Burke were two men in the English parliament who encouraged Grenville to lift the tariffs and taxes. When Grenville arrogantly refused to lift any of the tariffs or taxes, it was one of the most costly mistakes he would ever make. Burdensome taxes were enraging the colonists. They did owe England a war debt of 37,000,000 dollars, but the ?Quartering Act? had nothing to do with paying money

Countries Using the Euro as Their Currency

Countries Using the Euro as Their Currency On January 1, 1999, one of the largest steps toward European unification took place with the introduction of the euro as the official currency in 12 countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain). The establishment of a common currency had the aims of greater economic integration and the unification of Europe as a common market. It also would enable easier transactions between people of different countries by having fewer conversions from currency to currency. Creating the euro was also seen as a way to keep the peace due to the economic integration of the countries. Key Takeaways: The Euro The goal of the establishment of the Euro was to make European commerce easier and more integrated.The currency debuted in 2002 in a dozen countries. More have since signed on, and additional countries plan to.The euro and the dollar are key to global markets. At first,  the euro was used in trades between banks and tracked alongside the countries currencies. Banknotes and coins came out a few years later for the public to  use in everyday  transactions. Residents of the first European Union countries that adopted the euro began using the banknotes and coins on January 1, 2002. People had to use up all their cash in the countries old paper money and coinage before mid-year that year, when they would no longer be accepted in monetary transactions and the euro would be used exclusively. The Euro: â‚ ¬ The symbol for the euro is a rounded E with one or two cross lines: â‚ ¬. Euros are divided into euro cents, each euro cent  consisting of one one-hundredth of a euro. Euro Countries The euro is one of the worlds most powerful currencies, used by more than 175 million Europeans in 19 of  28 EU member countries, as well as some countries that are not formally members of the EU. Countries currently using the euro: Andorra (not an EU member)AustriaBelgiumCyprusEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceIrelandItalyKosovo (not all countries recognize Kosovo as an independent nation)LatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMonaco (not in the EU)Montenegro (not in the EU)The NetherlandsPortugalSan Marino (not in the EU)SlovakiaSloveniaSpainVatican City (not in the EU) Territories that use the euro: Akrotiri and Dhekelia (British territory)French Southern and Antarctic LandsSaint Bathelemy (overseas collectivity of France)Saint Martin (overseas collectivity of France)Saint Pierre and Miquelon (overseas collectivity of France) Countries that do not use the euro, but are part of the Single Euro Payments Area, which allows simplified bank transfers: BulgariaCroatiaCzech RepublicDenmarkHungaryIcelandLiechtensteinNorwayPolandRomaniaSwedenSwitzerlandUnited Kingdom Recent and Future Euro Countries On January 1, 2009, Slovakia started using the euro, and Estonia began using it on January 1, 2011. Latvia joined in on January 1, 2014, and Lithuania began using the euro January 1, 2015. EU members the United Kingdom, Denmark, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, and Sweden dont use the euro as of 2019. New EU member countries are working toward becoming part of the eurozone. Romania planned to start using the currency in 2022, and Croatia planned to adopt it in 2024.   Countries economies are evaluated every two years to see if theyre strong enough to adopt the euro, using figures such as interest rates, inflation, exchange rates, gross domestic product, and government debt. The EU takes these measures of economic stability to evaluate whether a new eurozone country would be less likely to need a fiscal stimulus or bailout after joining. The financial crisis in 2008 and its fallout, such as the controversy of whether Greece should be bailed out or leave the eurozone, put some strain on the EU. Why Some Countries Dont Use It Great Britain and Denmark are the two countries that, as part of the EU, opted out of adopting the currency. Great Britain even voted to leave the European Union in the Brexit vote in 2016, so as of 2019, the currency issue looked to be a moot point. The pound sterling is a major currency in the world, so leaders didnt see the need to adopt anything else at the time the euro was created. Countries that dont use the euro maintain the independence of their economies, such as the ability to set their own interest rates and other monetary policies; the flip side is that they must manage their own financial crises and cant go to the European Central Bank for assistance. However, not having an economy interdependent with those of other countries might make some sense. The countries that opted-out of the euro could be more nimble in dealing with a widespread crisis that affects countries differently, such in the case of Greece in 2007–2008. It took years for bailouts of Greece to be decided upon, for example, and Greece couldnt set its own policies or take its own measures. A hot-button issue at the time was whether bankrupt Greece was going to stay in the eurozone or bring back its currency.   Denmark doesnt use the euro but has its currency, the krone, tied to the euro to maintain the countrys economic stability and predictability and to avoid major fluctuations and market speculation on its currency. It is pegged  within a 2.25 percent range of 7.46038 kroner to the euro. Before the creation of the euro, the krone was pegged to the German  Deutsche mark. Euro vs. Dollar The dollar has historically been used as a common currency internationally, just like English has been a common language between people of different countries. Foreign countries and investors see U.S. Treasury bonds as safe places to put their money because of a stable government  behind the dollar; some countries even hold their financial reserves in dollars. The currency also has size and liquidity, which are needed to be a major world player. When the euro was first established, the exchange rate was set based on the European Currency Unit, which was based on a collection of European currencies. It generally runs a little higher than the dollar. Its historical low was 0.8225 (October 2000), and its historical high was 1.6037, reached in July 2008 during the subprime mortgage crisis and the failure of the Lehman Brothers financial services company. Professor Steve Hanke, writing in Forbes in 2018, postulated that setting an exchange rate zone of stability formally between the euro and dollar would keep the entire global market stable because of the prolonged recession that happened worldwide following the collapse of Lehman Brothers.

Course of action Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Course of action - Assignment Example MAPR enhances ‘independence in fact’ since limited interaction with any client reduces not only the pressure but also the monetary as well as other inducements, for auditing partners to sacrifice their reputation and independence so as to ‘remain silent’. As a consequence, auditing partners might be enthusiastic to question management on financial reporting and creative accounting issues. Secondly, long audit partner tenure means creation of a comfortable relationship between auditing partner and client, which adversely affects a partner’s show of independence. Thus such improvements as those can be brought by MAPR. The other reason why MAPR is best course of action is on the basis of on introduction of new/fresh eyes. Thus MAPR avoids ‘staleness’ emanating from repetitive previous engagements and thus will enhance quality and integrity of audit, since rotation permits the much needed ‘fresh eyes’ to evaluate the firm’ s financial statements as well as accounting policies/practices (Ottaway, 2013). Evidence-the US general accounting office (GAO), current data on ‘restatement rates’ linking to ‘error or fraud’ in previous financial statements subsequent to the closure of Arthur Anderson in 2002 that demanded compulsory auditor rotation for more than 1200 firms. Thus the data indicates a marked rise in restatement rates for ‘error and fraud’ after auditor rotation. It is evident therefore, that from this research GAO provided a possibly persuasive research demonstrating that â€Å"fresh eyes† actually do expose fraud and mistakes under a MAPR –comparable situation. This is apparent therefore, that MAPR promotes conservative and diligence decision making by partners as they will be alert, specifically at the end of their term, knowing a new auditor will be keenly inspecting their work with a pair of ‘fresh eyes’ (Ottaway,

Coca-Cola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coca-Cola - Case Study Example The first part of the paper will identify and evaluate the key success factors employed by the business organization. Next, this paper will analyze the weaknesses of the company and the potential threats that lie ahead. Lastly, this report will give its recommendation on how Coca-Cola can further improve its marketing strategy. In order to give a thorough investigation, this paper will utilize different strategic management tools. A key success factor is defined as specific skill or talent or competitive capability which spells the difference between profit and loss or competitive success or failure of a business organization. Looking at the strategic operation of Coca-cola, it can be seen that the key success factors of the company are its superior marketing mix, focus on innovation, and global orientation. Coca-Cola's marketing mix, as with other companies have four major components which are product, price, promotion, and place. It can be seen that the company has done an excellent job in coming up with a marketing mix which appeals to the global market. The products offered by Coca-Cola, for instance, have become widely accepted in the global market because it conveys a "universal taste" which discounts the differences in nationality, culture, and traditions. Secondly, the company has a pricing strategy which is at par with the industry. The marketing campaigns launched by Coca-Cola define and become a foundation of modern day marketing. The advertisements of the business organization irrefutably reveal new techniques and styles in capturing the audience. Lastly, Coca-Cola's success is largely due to its wide availability. Its products are sold almost everywhere, from restaurants, to cafes, to vending machines, to kiosks, and most establishments. Another key success factor of Coca-cola is its focus on product innovation. Recognizing that the various changes in the market where it operates, the company reinvented itself to evolve from a single core product to a total beverage firm. Currently, Coca-Cola has nearly 400 beverages in its portfolio and is still geared in offering beverages which suits the preferences of its market. In 2005, the company announced that it has introduced "a variety of new brands, brand extension, and new beverage products." Lastly, Coca-Cola's success is also highly attributed to its global orientation. Recognizing the huge profit opportunities abroad, the company has expanded geographically. By being global oriented, the company is not only able to establish presence in foreign markets but is also able to generate new revenues and efficiently distribute costs among its operating segments. The company is also able to utilize resources which are present abroad in order to enhance its operations. However, aside from being globally oriented, the company also concentrates on creating specific products which suits the need of a specific market: "Consumer demand can vary from one locale to another and can change over time within a single locale. Employing our business strategy, and with special focus on core brands, our Company seeks to build its existing brands and, at the same time, to broaden its historical family of brands, products and services in order to create and satisfy consumer demand locale by locale." Weaknesses and Threats The weaknesses and threats faced by the Coca-Cola can be determined by conducting a SWOT