Biology 1202 Notes

atomic number 90 January 17 Mastering biology course id=MBPOLLACK01639 bearing first ap pe bed on worldly c oncern ab come to the fore 4 jillion old age ago Origin of disembodied spirit is a hypothesis not a opening Very little oxygen in proto(prenominal) earths atmosphere Spontaneous contemporaries of life- random geological validation of life Millions of species on earth, up to 100 unrivalled thousand thousand the expirement of miller and urey showed what?test question a some centuries ago eople thought that new living things appe ared entirely of the time( extempore generation of life) ex mold growing on food in the mid 1800s Louis Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation of life he basic each(prenominal)y left wing something out scarce sealed it off and zipper grew on it, so he left it out without being sealed and stymy grew the prison stallphone theory- each(prenominal) existing cells come from pre-existing cells nigh 50 trillion cells make up the human frame solely all came from the whizz diploid cell create from conception conditions on early earth tmosphere- akin to Jupiter like a shot, no free oxygen, frequent storms with much of lightning, vol grasso eruptions, meteor impacts, UV light from the sun, no ozone layer earth before life aroseabout 4. 6 trillion years old, kn accept because of radiometric go out of meteorites and moon rocks life arose about 3. 8 billion years ago, known because of chemical traces in the rocks, fossilise bacteria was found in rocks 3. 5 billion years ago no spontaneous generation now but must bemuse happened then how to assemble a living thing assembly of organic molecules atalyze reactions reproduce from enclosed genetic info fragmentise the living thing from the outside surround 3 domains of life- bacteria, archaea, eukarya proteins are needed to synthesize more deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is employ to synthesize RNA which is used to make proteinDNA-RNA-Protein Ribozymes RNA molecule that can catalyse reactions, especially those involved in synthesis and affect of RNA it egotism Conclusion- earliest cells used RNA to store info Ribozymes used to catalyze reactions Thursday January twenty-fourth Our species has been here for about 200,000 years PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONTheory- general explanation of natural phenomena, developed through extensive and ordered observations Hypothesis- tentative explanation of observations, educated guess The spring of species was a book published in 1859 by Charles Darwin Main points of book Evolution occurs in existences, not individual(a)s Natural makeion is the mechanism mirror image 1-living things lean to reproduce as quickly as possible. Observation 2-constant population size over time (carrying capacity) Inference- rival for survival contrastingial reproductive success I dont like dogs.They all aroma like dogs and poop on my lawn variability in structures and behaviors all of this leads to natural surviva l, organisms best suited to an environment leave the most offspring exploitation- the genetic writing of a population channelises over time, driven by natural selection exploitation- a change in the allele frequency of a population over time study pakicetus slide 1/29/13 homologous structures refer common rake some homologous structures look different today because of divergent evolution 300 million years ago is when we started to see the type of mammalian limbs similar to the structure today analogous tructures=convergent evolution analogous structure do NOT suggest common ancestry similar environmental forces select for similar structures in unrelated organisms fundamental structures- inherent form of and organ more fully formed in ancestor evolutionary baggage vestigial structures are a type of homologous structureWHAT IS DARWINS stage ON EAR? ON TESTDevelopmental biology- the biology of perusing organisms from the unicellular stage onward WATCH DARWIN word-painting Al l living things have DNA and put eat up it into RNA using amino acids Artificial selection- insecticides, antibiotics and so forth Know 3 types of natural selection 1. irectional selection 2. stabilizing selection 3. disruptive selection 1/31/13 evolution of populations GregorMendel- monk who did pea expirements and shed light on the rules of hereditary pattern He worked at the kindred time as Darwin but his work was overlooked until the 20th century The red-brick synthesis(early 1940s) a conceptual synthesis of Darwinian evolution, Mendelian inheritance, and modern population genetic science Evolution- a change in phenotypic constitution of a population owing to a situation on transmitted variation among pheneotypes that changes the genotypic constitution of the population Phenotype- all expressed traits of an organismGenotype- the entire genetic makeup of an individual Evolution-a change in allele frequency in a population(change in the gene pool) Population genetics-examin es the frequency, distribution, and inheritance of alleles within a population Hardy-weinberg equilibrium- the pop genetics theorem that states that the frequencies of alleles and enotypes in a population pull up stakes reside constant unless acted upon by non-mendelian processes Allele frequencies- under stern mendelian inheritance, allele frequencies would remain constant from on generation to the next(hardy-weinberg equilibrium) If there is no change in allele frequency there is no evolution Biological species concept- a population whose members can potentially interbreed in NATURE to produce practicable reproductive offspring Reproductive barriers- isolate populations from one anotherSpeciation- the process by which new species form interrogatory 1 Two requirement for speciation- reproductive closing off of populations(gene flow significantly reduced) and genetic divergence(divergent evolution) Tuesday feb 5 oblique evolution- no common ancestor with that trait, similar en vironmental things caused the same evolution Divergent evolution- comes from common ancestors but over time the trait changes Proto essence before External barriersSkin-physical barrier to microbial entry, desolate environment for growth dry, dead cells at pop out sweat/sebaceous glands secreting acids and natural antibiotics like lactic acid Mucuous mebranes of respiratory and digestive tracts well-defined secretions have antibacterial enzymes Cilia-line the inside of trachea epithelial cells-smokers spit up is from escape of cilia Stomach if microbes are swallowed, acids(low pH) and protein-digesting enzymes destroy them Lines of refutalNonspecififc internal defense Phagocytosis cells gabardine blood cells in extracellular fluid, amoeboid shape,destroy microbes by phagocytosis-search out bacteria, viral particles, cellular debris-produced in bone marrow. Target stuff that is not in your cells **questions about lymphatic arranging on exam natural killer cells- white blood cells that destroy body cells infected by viruses and cancerous cells by punching hole in them seditious chemical reaction- caused by large scale microbial onset through a wound istamine released in retort to damage which leads to an increased blood flow at and around the wound in order to washing out the wound. Which leads to inflammation other chemicals- macrophages blood turn fever= response to microbes establishing major infection. Low layer fever 100-102 can be beneficial slows down microbial reproduction enhances resistive system tolerant response- reaction to unique(predicate) type of microbe and provides incoming protection.Involves 2 types of WBC called lymphocytes-B cells and T cells B cells advanced in bone marrow T cells are born in marrow but be on in thymus /26/13 humeral cells is same as B cells its called specific immune response because only the cell with the appropriate antibody responds 23,00 coding genes in our genome 3 types of amino acids- hydroph ilic, hydrophobic, and ones that can make hydrosulfide link most proteins form well with other proteins an antibody is do of four different types of proteins so it takes 4 specific proteins for it to react? Immune system distinguishes self from non self by destroying cells that respond to the bodys own molecules Body randomly makes 100,000,000 different antibodies antigen can deposit to 1 specific antibody epitope- the three different post where antibodies can book on a single antigen allergies type of immune response allergen-recognized as a foreign antigen and binds to B cell coordinated by the humoral immunity response B cell makes plasma cells, releasing allergy antibodies into the bloodstreamAntibodies bind to histamine-containing cells in connective tissue Cells release histamine causing unhealthy response such as mucus 1. irst ikon to pollen stimulates B cells to produce allergy plasma cell 2. plasma cells produce allergy antibodies 3. allergy antibodies bind to mast cells 4. re-exposure to pollen results in pollen spinal column to allergy antibodies on mast cells 5. binding f pollen stimulates mast cells to release histamine, triggering the inflammatory response allergy medication antihistamines others inhibit production of histamine producing cells people without allergies lack genes for allergy-causing antibodies, or produce less of the antibody ormation of a pimple acne develops as a result of blockages In follicles formation of a plug or keratin and sebum(made of go and the debris of dead fat-producing cells) the natural occurring bacteria propionibacterium acnes can cause inflammation the white blood cells shew up(forming a whitehead) and then destroy (by phagocytosis) the bacteria to preserve infection chicken pox and shingles caused by same virus symptoms are very different after you have had the chicken pox, you become immune to the virus.It is impossible that you may have a brush aside reaction after re-exposure, such as a few sp ots and a slight fever. However, you will not get a full pursy case of chicken pox more than once shingles causing agent for herpes shingles is varicella zoster virus, a double abandon DNA virus most people are infected with this virus as children, and suffer from an installing of chickenpox the immune system eventually eliminates the virus from most locations, but it remains dormant in the ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord or the ganglion semilunare in the base of the skull